A Review on the Development of Two-Way Coupled Atmospheric-Hydrological Models

The past two decades have seen an intensive development in two-way coupled atmospheric and hydrological models, providing new opportunities to thoroughly understand hydrology–atmosphere coupling improve hydrometeorological forecasting, which has not been possible before. This paper summarizes recent developments presentation land surface models (LSMs) climate the of models. fully widely applied identifying impact lateral subsurface water transport a land–atmosphere system, simulations using techniques such as parameter calibration, data assimilation, hydrology model structure revision used accuracy. However, their applications still face major challenges, e.g., complexity lack understanding physical mechanisms at high resolution, parameterization anthropogenic activities, limitations simulation domain period. Despite these difficulties, will gradually evolve into powerful tools reproduce regional cycles, offering significant potential for scientifically investigating resources security issues affected by both change human activities.